Editing User Guide/Operations on Containers

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This chapter describes how to perform day-to-day operations on separate Containers taken in their wholeness.

{{Note|We assume that you have successfully installed, configured, and deployed your OpenVZ system. In case you have not, please turn to the [[Installation Guide]] providing detailed information on all these operations.

== Creating New Container ==

This section guides you through the process of creating a Container. We assume that you have successfully installed OpenVZ and prepared at least one OS template. If there are no OS templates prepared for the Container creation, turn to the [[Templates Management Guide]] first.

=== Before You Begin ===

Before you start creating a Container, you should:

* Check that the Hardware Node is visible on your network. You should be able to connect to/from other hosts. Otherwise, your Containers will not be accessible from other servers.
* Check that you have at least one IP address per Container and the addresses belong to the same network as the Hardware Node or routing to the Containers has been set up via the Hardware Node.

To create a new Container, you have to:

* choose the new Container ID;
* choose the OS template to use for the Container;
* create the Container itself.

=== Choosing Container ID ===

Every Container has a numeric ID, also known as Container ID, associated with it. The ID is a 32-bit integer number beginning with zero and unique for a given Hardware Node. When choosing an ID for your Container, please follow the simple guidelines below:

* ID 0 is used for the Hardware Node itself. You cannot and should not try to create a Container with ID 0.
 * The OpenVZ software reserves the IDs ranging from 0 to 100. Though OpenVZ uses only ID 0, future versions might use additional Container IDs for internal needs. Please do not create Containers with IDs below 101.

The only strict requirement for a Container ID is to be unique for a particular Hardware Node. However, if you are going to have several computers running OpenVZ, we recommend assigning different Container ID ranges to them. For example, on Hardware Node 1 you create Containers within the range of IDs from 101 to 1000; on Hardware Node 2 you use the range from 1001 to 2000, and so on. This approach makes it easier to remember on which Hardware Node a Container has been created, and eliminates the possibility of Container ID conflicts when a Container migrates from one Hardware Node to another.

Another approach to assigning Container IDs is to follow some pattern of Container IP addresses. Thus, for example, if you have a subnet with the 10.0.x.x address range, you may want to assign the 17015 ID to the Container with the 10.0.17.15 IP address, the 39108 ID to the Container with the 10.0.39.108 IP address, and so on. This makes it much easier to run a number of OpenVZ utilities eliminating the necessity to check up the Container IP address by its ID and similar tasks. You can also think of your own patterns for assigning Container IDs depending on the configuration of your network and your specific needs.

Before you decide on a new Container ID, you may want to make sure that no Container with this ID has yet been created on the Hardware Node. The easiest way to check whether the Container with the given ID exists is to issue the following command:

 # '''vzlist -a 101'''
 Container not found

This output shows that Container 101 does not exist on the particular Hardware Node; otherwise it would be present in the list.

=== Choosing OS Template ===

Before starting to create a Container, you shall decide on which OS template your Container will be based. There might be several OS templates installed on the Hardware Node and prepared for the Container creation; use the following command to find out what OS templates are available on your system:

 # '''ls /vz/template/cache/'''
 centos-4-x86.tar.gz       fedora-7-x86.tar.gz     suse-10.3-x86.tar.gz
 centos-4-x86_64.tar.gz    fedora-7-x86_64.tar.gz  suse-10.3-x86_64.tar.gz
 centos-5-x86.tar.gz       fedora-8-x86.tar.gz     ubuntu-7.10-x86.tar.gz
 centos-5-x86_64.tar.gz    fedora-8-x86_64.tar.gz  ubuntu-7.10-x86_64.tar.gz
 debian-3.1-x86.tar.gz     fedora-9-x86.tar.gz     ubuntu-8.04-x86.tar.gz
 debian-4.0-x86.tar.gz     fedora-9-x86_64.tar.gz  ubuntu-8.04-x86_64.tar.gz
 debian-4.0-x86_64.tar.gz

{{Note|You have to remove the <code>.tar.gz</code> suffix from the name to make it a valid OS template name. For example, <code>centos-4-x86</code> is a valid OS template name.}}

=== Creating Container ===

After the Container ID and the installed OS template have been chosen, you can create the Container ''private area'' with the <code>vzctl create</code> command. The ''private area'' is the directory containing the actual files of the given Container; it is usually residing in <code>/vz/private/''CTID''/</code>. The private area is mounted to the <code>/vz/root/''CTID''</code> directory on the Hardware Node and provides Container users with a complete Linux file system tree.

The <code>vzctl create</code> command requires only the Container ID and the name of the OS template as arguments; however, in order to avoid setting all the Container resource control parameters after creating the private area, you can specify a sample configuration to be used for your new Container. The sample configuration files are residing in the /etc/vz/conf directory and have names with the following mask: <code>ve-''configname''.conf-sample</code>. The most commonly used sample is the <code>ve-basic.conf-sample</code> file; this sample file has resource control parameters suitable for most Containers.

Thus, for example, you can create a new Container by typing the following string:

 # '''vzctl create 101 --ostemplate centos-5-x86 -–config basic'''
 Creating container private area (centos-5-x86)
 Performing postcreate actions
 Container private area was created

In this case, the OpenVZ software will create a Container with ID 101, the private area based on the <code>centos-5-x86</code> OS template, and configuration parameters taken from the <code>ve-basic.conf-sample</code> sample configuration file.

If you specify neither an OS template nor a sample configuration, <code>vzctl</code> will try to take the corresponding values from the global OpenVZ configuration file (<code>/etc/vz/vz.conf</code>). So you can set the default values in this file using your favorite text file editor, for example:

 DEF_OSTEMPLATE="centos-5-x86"
 CONFIGFILE="basic"

and do without specifying these parameters each time you create a new Container.

Now you can create a Container with ID 101 with the following command:

 # '''vzctl create 101'''
 Creating container private area (centos-5-x86)
 Performing postcreate actions
 Container private area was created

In principle, now you are ready to start your newly created Container. However, typically you need to set its network IP address, hostname, DNS server address and root password before starting the Container for the first time.

== Configuring Container ==

Configuring a Container consists of several tasks:
* Setting Container startup parameters;
* Setting Container network parameters;
* Setting Container user passwords;
* Configuring Quality of Service (Service Level) parameters.

For all these tasks, the <code>vzctl set</code> command is used. Using this command for setting Container startup parameters, network parameters, and user passwords is explained later in this subsection. Service Level Management configuration topics are dwelled upon in the {{UG/Chapter link|Managing Resources}} chapter.

=== Setting Startup Parameters ===

The <code>vzctl set</code> command allows you to define the <code>onboot</code> Container startup parameter. Setting this parameter to <code>yes</code> makes your Container automatically boot at the Hardware Node startup. For example, to enable Container 101 to automatically start on your Hardware Node boot, you can execute the following command:

 # '''vzctl set 101 --onboot yes --save'''
 Saved parameters for CT 101

The <code>onboot</code> parameter will have effect only on the next Hardware Node startup.

=== Setting Network Parameters ===

In order to be accessible from the network, a Container shall be assigned a correct IP address and hostname; DNS servers shall also be configured. In addition, the SSH  daemon shall be running inside the Container. The session below illustrates setting the Container 101 network parameters:

 # '''vzctl set 101 --hostname server101.mydomain.com --save'''
 Set hostname: server101.mydomain.com
 Saved parameters for CT 1010101
 # '''vzctl set 101 --ipadd 10.0.186.1 --save'''
 Adding IP address(es): 10.0.186.1
 Saved parameters for CT 1010101
 # vzctl set 101 --nameserver 192.168.1.165 --save
 File resolv.conf was modified
 Saved parameters for CT 1010101

These commands will assign Container 101 the IP address of <code>10.0.186.1</code>, the hostname of <code>server101.mydomain.com</code>, and set the DNS server address to <code>192.168.1.165</code>. The <code>–-save</code> flag instructs vzctl to also save all the parameters set to the Container configuration file.

You can issue the above commands when the Container is running. In this case, if you do not want the applied values to persist, you can omit the <code>–-save</code> option and the applied values will be valid only until the Container shutdown.

To check whether SSH is running inside the Container, use <code>vzctl exec</code>, which allows executing any commands in the Container context.

 # '''vzctl start 101'''
 ''[This command starts Container 101, if it is not started yet]''
 # '''vzctl exec 101 service sshd status'''
 sshd is stopped
 # '''vzctl exec 101 service sshd start'''
 Starting sshd: [ OK ]
 # '''vzctl exec 101 service sshd status'''
 sshd (pid 3801) is running...

The above example assumes that Container 101 is created on the CentOS 5 template. For other OS templates, please consult the corresponding OS documentation.

For more information on running commands inside a Container from the Hardware Node, see the [[#Running Commands in Container]] subsection.

=== Setting root Password for Container ===

Setting the root user password is necessary for connecting to a Container via SSH. By default, the root account is locked in a newly created Container, and you cannot log in. In order to log in to the Container, it is necessary to create a user account inside the Container and set a password for this account, or unlock the root account. The easiest way of doing it is to run:

 # '''vzctl start 101'''
 ''[This command starts Container 101, if it is not started yet]''
 # '''vzctl set 101 --userpasswd root:test'''

In this example, we set the root password for Container 101 to "test", and you can log in to the Container via SSH as root and administer it in the same way as you administer a standalone Linux server: install additional software, add users, set up services, and so on. The password will be set inside the Container in the <code>/etc/shadow</code> file in an encrypted form and will not be stored in the Container configuration file. Therefore, if you forget the password, you have to reset it. Note that <code>--userpasswd</code> ignores the <code>--save</code> switch, the password is anyway persistently set for the given Container.

While you can create users and set passwords for them using the <code>vzctl exec</code> or <code>vzctl set</code> commands, it is suggested that you delegate user management to the Container administrator advising him/her of the Container root account password.

== Starting, Stopping, Restarting, and Querying Status of Container ==

When a Container is created, it may be started up and shut down like an ordinary server. To start Container 101, use the following command:

 # '''vzctl start 101'''
 Starting container ...
 Container is mounted
 Adding IP address(es): 10.0.186.1
 Setting CPU units: 1000
 Configure meminfo: 65536
 Set hostname: server101.mydomain.com
 File resolv.conf was modified
 Container start in progress...

To check the status of a Container, use the <code>vzctl status</code> command:

 # '''vzctl status 101'''
 CTID 101 exist mounted running

Its output shows the following information:

* Whether the Container private area exists;
* Whether this private area is mounted;
* Whether the Container is running.

In our case, <code>vzctl</code> reports that Container 101 exists, its private area is mounted, and the Container is running. Alternatively, you can make use of the <code>vzlist</code> utility:
 # vzlist 101
       CTID      NPROC STATUS  IP_ADDR         HOSTNAME                        
    101             10 running 10.0.186.1      server101.mydomain.com 

Still another way of getting the Container status is checking the <code>/proc/vz/veinfo</code> file. This file lists all the Containers currently running on the Hardware Node. Each line presents a running Container in the ''CT_ID reserved number_of_processes IP_address...'' format:

 # '''cat /proc/vz/veinfo'''
    101         0    10      10.0.186.1
          0     0    79

This output shows that Container 101 is running, there are 20 running processes inside the Container, and its IP address is 10.0.186.1. The second line corresponds to the Container with ID 0, which is the Hardware Node itself.

The following command is used to stop a Container:

 # '''vzctl stop 101'''
 Stopping container ...
 Container was stopped
 Container is unmounted
 # '''vzctl status 101'''
 CTID 101 exist unmounted down

<code>vzctl</code> has a two-minute timeout for the Container shutdown scripts to be executed. If the Container is not stopped in two minutes, the system forcibly kills all the processes in the Container. The Container will be stopped in any case, even if it is seriously damaged. To avoid waiting for two minutes in case of a Container that is known to be corrupt, you may use the <code>--fast</code> switch:

 # '''vzctl stop 101 --fast'''
 Stopping container ...
 Container was stopped
 Container is unmounted

Make sure that you do not use the <code>--fast</code> switch with healthy Containers, unless necessary, as the forcible killing of Container processes may be potentially dangerous.

The <code>vzctl start</code> and <code>vzctl stop</code> commands initiate the normal Linux OS startup or shutdown sequences inside the Container. In case of a Red Hat-like distribution, System V initialization scripts will be executed just like on an ordinary server. You can customize startup scripts inside the Container as needed.

To restart a Container, you may as well use the <code>vzctl restart</code> command:

 # '''vzctl restart 101'''
 Restarting container
 Stopping container ...
 Container was stopped
 Container is unmounted
 Starting container ...
 Container is mounted
 Adding IP address(es): 10.0.186.1
 Setting CPU units: 1000
 Configure meminfo: 65536
 Set hostname: server101.mydomain.com
 File resolv.conf was modified
 Container start in progress...

{{Note|You can also use Container names to start, stop, and restart the corresponding Containers. For detailed information on Container names, please turn to the [[#Setting Name for Container]] section.

== Listing Containers ==

Very often you may want to get an overview of the Containers existing on the given Hardware Node and to get additional information about them — their IP addresses, hostnames, current resource consumption, etc. In the most general case, you may get a list of all Containers by issuing the following command:

 # '''vzlist -a'''
      CTID      NPROC STATUS  IP_ADDR         HOSTNAME                        
       101         10 running 10.101.66.101   server101.mydomain.com
       102          - stopped 10.101.66.102   server102.mydomain.com                         
       103          5 running 10.101.66.103   server103.mydomain.com

The <code>-a</code> switch tells the <code>vzlist</code> utility to output both running and stopped Containers. By default, only running Containers are shown. The default columns inform you of the Container IDs, the number of running processes inside Containers, their status, IP addresses, and hostnames. This output may be customized as desired by using <code>vzlist</code> command line switches. For example:

 # '''vzlist -o ctid,diskinodes.s -s diskinodes.s'''
       CTID DQINODES.S
        101     400000
        103     200000

This shows only running Containers with the information about their IDs and soft limit on disk inodes (see the {{Chapter link|Managing Resources}} chapter for more information), with the list sorted by this soft limit. The full list of the <code>vzlist</code> command line switches and output and sorting options is available in the {{man|vzlist|8}} man page.

FIXME
== Setting Name for Container ==

You can assign an arbitrary name to your Container and use it, along with the Container ID, to refer to the Container while performing this or that Container-related operation on the Hardware Node. For example, you can start or stop a Container by specifying the Container name instead of its ID.

You can assign names to your Containers using the <code>--name</code> option of the <code>vzctl set</code> command. For example, to set the <code>computer1</code> name for Container 101, you should execute the following command:

 # '''vzctl set 101 --name computer1 --save'''
 Name computer1 assigned
 Saved parameters for Container 101

You can also set a name for Container 101 by editing its configuration file. In this case you should proceed as follows:

<ol>
<li> Open the configuration file of Container 101 (<code>/etc/vz/conf/101.conf</code>) for editing and add the following string to the file:
 NAME="computer1"
</li>
<li>In the <code>/etc/vz/names</code> directory on the Hardware Node, create a symbolic link with the name of <code>computer1</code> pointing to the Container configuration file. For example:
 # ln --symbolic /etc/vz/conf/101.conf /etc/vz/names/computer1
</li>
</ol>

When specifying names for Containers, please keep in mind the following:

* Names may contain the following symbols: <code>a</code>-<code>z</code>, <code>A</code>-<code>Z</code>, <code>0</code>-<code>9</code>, underscores (<code>_</code>), dashes (<code>-</code>), spaces, the symbols from the ASCII character table with their code in the 128–255 range, and all the national alphabets included in the Unicode code space.
* Container names cannot consist of digits only; otherwise, there would be no way to distinguish them from Container IDs.
* If it contains one or more spaces, the Container name should be put in single or double quotes, or the spaces have to be escaped by preceding them with a backslashes (<code>\</code>).

After the name has been successfully assigned to Container 101, you can start using it instead of ID 101 to perform Container-related operations on the Node. For example:
<ul>
<li>You can stop Container 101 with the following command:
 # '''vzctl stop computer1'''
 Stopping container ...
 Container was stopped
 Container is unmounted
</li>
<li>You can start Container 101 anew by issuing the following command:
 # '''vzctl start computer1'''
 Starting container ...
 ...
</li></ul>

You can find out what name is assigned to Container 101 in one of the following ways:
<ul>
<li>Using the <code>vzlist</code> utility:
 # '''vzlist -o name 101'''
 NAME
 computer1
</li>
<li>Checking the <code>NAME</code> parameter in the Container configuration file (<code>/etc/vz/conf/101.conf</code>). For example:
 # '''grep NAME= /etc/vz/conf/101.conf'''
 NAME="computer1"
</li>
<li>Checking which symlink in the <code>/etc/vz/names/</code> directory links to Container configuration file. The file name of the symlink is the name for Container. For example:
 # '''ls -l /etc/vz/names/ | grep /101.conf'''
 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 Jan 16 20:18 computer1 -> /etc/vz/conf/101.conf
</li></ul>

== Storing Extended Information on Container ==
== Expand Migrating Container ==
== Moving Container Within Hardware Node ==
== Copying Container Within Hardware Node ==
== Deleting Container ==
== Disabling Container ==
== Suspending Container ==
== Running Commands in Container ==

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