Editing Using NAT for container with private IPs

Usually you supply public IP addresses to your containers. Sometimes you don't want to do it (lack of IPs, etc.). This article describes how to use private IP addresses for containers.

== Prerequisites ==

Make sure that below prerequisites are met, otherwise it won't work for you!

=== IP conntracks ===
'''IP connection tracking should be enabled for CT0'''. For recent OpenVZ kernels (2.6.9 and later) connection tracking for CT0 is enabled by default, but it can be disabled by vzctl 4.7 and newer (because it has a negative impact on venet performance, see {{Bug|2755}}). So, make sure there is '''NO''' line like

 options ip_conntrack ip_conntrack_disable_ve0=1
or
 options nf_conntrack ip_conntrack_disable_ve0=1

in <code>/etc/modules.conf</code>, <code>/etc/modprobe.conf</code>, or any file under <code>/etc/modprobe.d/</code> (such as <code>/etc/modprobe.d/openvz.conf</code>). '''If there is such a line, please'''
# change <code>=1</code> to <code>=0</code>
# execute 
 echo 0 > /sys/module/nf_conntrack/parameters/ip_conntrack_disable_ve0

=== IP forwarding ===

'''IP forwarding should be turned on''' on the hardware node in order for container networking to work. Make sure it is turned on:

 $ cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward 
 1

Output should be '1'. If it is '0', enable IP forwarding as it is described in [[Quick installation#sysctl]].

NOTE: '''Ubuntu''' made some changes to the syntax for NAT. See this link if you are needing to enable NAT on an Ubuntu host :

[https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/procps/+bug/84537 Launchpad]

The syntax of /etc/sysctl.conf has changed to :

<pre>net.ipv4.conf.default.forwarding=1
net.ipv4.conf.all.forwarding=1</pre>

== How to provide access for container to Internet ==

To enable the [[container]]s, which have only internal IP addresses, to access the Internet, SNAT (Source Network Address Translation, also known as IP masquerading) should be configured on the [[Hardware Node]]. This is ensured by the standard Linux <tt>iptables</tt> utility. To perform a simple SNAT setup, execute the following command on the [[Hardware Node]]:
<pre>
# iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s src_net -o eth0 -j SNAT --to ip_address
</pre>

where <tt>src_net</tt> is a range of IP addresses of containers to be translated by SNAT, and <tt>ip_address</tt> is the external IP address of your [[Hardware Node]]. The format of src_net is xx.xx.xx.xx/xx ([[w:CIDR|CIDR notation]]). For example:
<pre>
# iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.2.0/24 -o eth0 -j SNAT --to ip_address
</pre>

Multiple rules are allowed, for example, in case you wish to specify several ranges of IP addresses. If you are using a number of physical network interfaces on the [[Hardware Node|Node]], you may need to specify a different interface for outgoing connections, e.g. <tt>-o eth2</tt>.

To make all IP addresses to be translated by SNAT (not only the ones of [[container]]s with private addresses), you should type the following string:
<pre>
# iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j SNAT --to ip_address
</pre>

=== Firewall ===

For Debian hardware node, you may need to allow a forward rule. The table still being the default table (filter) but the chain is FORWARD:

 # iptables -A FORWARD -s 192.168.2.0/24 -j ACCEPT
 # iptables -A FORWARD -d 192.168.2.0/24 -j ACCEPT

For default RedHat/CentOS firewall, allow outgoing connections from your containers, for example:

 # iptables -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -s 192.168.2.0/24 -j ACCEPT
 # iptables-save > /etc/sysconfig/iptables
 # service iptables restart


=== Nameserver ===

Make sure in-CT nameserver is set. The easiest way to do it is:

 # vzctl set $CTID --nameserver inherit

=== Test ===

Now you should be able to reach internet from your container:

 # vzctl exec $CTID ping openvz.org

== How to provide access from Internet to a container ==

In addition, to make some services in container with private IP address be accessible from the Internet, DNAT (Destination Network Address Translation) should be configured on the [[Hardware Node]]. To perform a simple DNAT setup, execute the following command on the [[Hardware Node]]:
<pre>
# iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp -d ip_address --dport port_num \
  -i eth0 -j DNAT --to-destination ve_address:dst_port_num 
</pre>

where <tt>ve_address</tt> is an IP address of the container, <tt>dst_port_num</tt> is a tcp port which requires service use, <tt>ip_address</tt> is the external (public) IP address of your [[Hardware Node]], and <tt>port_num</tt> is a tcp port of [[Hardware Node]], which will be used for Internet connections to private container service. Note that this setup makes the service which is using <tt>port_num</tt> on the [[Hardware Node]] be unaccessible from the Internet. Also note that SNAT translation is required too.

For example, if you need a web server in a container to be accessible from outside and, at the same time, keep a web server on the [[Hardware Node]] be accessible, use the following config:
<pre>
# iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp -d ip_address --dport 8080 \
  -i eth0 -j DNAT --to-destination ve_address:80
# iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s ve_address -o eth0 -j SNAT --to ip_address
</pre>

After applying this, you'll see container' web server at <code><nowiki>http://ip_address:8080/</nowiki></code>.

{{Note|this rule will only work for external clients, i.e. connections originating from a different host — so you can not test if it works locally.}}

{{Note|If you get any errors relating to: 
<code>iptables: No chain/target/match by that name</code>
double check to see if you have all the iptables/netfilter modules loaded properly. I had to <code> modprobe xt_tcpudp </code> before getting it to work.}}


The <tt>iptables</tt> utility allows to set up more complex rules for Network Address Translation, involving various protocols and ports. If you wish to get more information on this, consult the numerous Internet sites (e.g. [http://www.netfilter.org netfilter.org]) and tutorials devoted to this issue.

== External Links ==
* [http://www.netfilter.org netfilter.org]
* [[w:Private network]]

[[Category: HOWTO]]
[[Category: Networking]]
@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 === IP conntracks ===
 '''IP connection tracking should be enabled for CT0'''. For recent OpenVZ kernels (2.6.9 and later) connection tracking for CT0 is enabled by default, but it can be disabled by vzctl 4.7 and newer (because it has a negative impact on venet performance, see {{Bug|2755}}). So, make sure there is '''NO''' line like
@@ Line 13: / Line 12: @@
   options nf_conntrack ip_conntrack_disable_ve0=1
-in <code>/etc/modules.conf</code>, <code>/etc/modprobe.conf</code>, or any file under <code>/etc/modprobe.d/</code> (such as <code>/etc/modprobe.d/vz.conf</code>). '''If there is such a line, please'''
+in <code>/etc/modules.conf</code>, <code>/etc/modprobe.conf</code>, or any file under <code>/etc/modprobe.d/</code> (such as <code>/etc/modprobe.d/openvz.conf</code>). '''If there is such a line, please'''
-#change <code>=1</code> to <code>=0</code>
+# change <code>=1</code> to <code>=0</code>
-#reboot the node.
+# execute
+ echo 0 > /sys/module/nf_conntrack/parameters/ip_conntrack_disable_ve0
 === IP forwarding ===
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 [https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/procps/+bug/84537 Launchpad]
-The syntax of /etc/sysctl.conf has changed to:
+The syntax of /etc/sysctl.conf has changed to :
 <pre>net.ipv4.conf.default.forwarding=1
 net.ipv4.conf.all.forwarding=1</pre>
-===Enable iptables in OpenVZ 7/Virtuozzo 7===
+== How to provide access for container to Internet ==
-If you use OpenVZ 7/Virtuozzo 7 and want to manage iptables through iptables-services you must disable firewalld and enable iptables:
- # systemctl stop firewalld
- # systemctl mask firewalld
- # yum install iptables-services
- # systemctl enable iptables
-== How to create the container and attach network properties to it ==
-Create the container:
- # prlctl create 100700 --vmtype ct
-Attach the internal IP address and DNS server:
- # prlctl set 100700 --ipadd 192.168.0.101/24
- # prlctl set 100700 --nameserver 8.8.8.8
-Start the container:
- # prlctl start 100700
-== How to provide access for container to the Internet ==
-To enable the [[container]]s, which have only internal IP addresses, to access the Internet, SNAT (Source Network Address Translation, also known as IP masquerading) should be configured on the [[Hardware Node]]. This is ensured by the standard Linux <tt>iptables</tt> utility.
-To perform a simple SNAT setup, execute the following command on the [[Hardware Node]]:
+To enable the [[container]]s, which have only internal IP addresses, to access the Internet, SNAT (Source Network Address Translation, also known as IP masquerading) should be configured on the [[Hardware Node]]. This is ensured by the standard Linux <tt>iptables</tt> utility. To perform a simple SNAT setup, execute the following command on the [[Hardware Node]]:
 <pre>
 # iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s src_net -o eth0 -j SNAT --to ip_address
@@ Line 79: / Line 53: @@
 # iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j SNAT --to ip_address
 </pre>
-Or you can just use:
- # iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
-=== Save new iptables rules ===
-Do not forget to save your new iptables rules
- # service iptables save
- # service iptables restart
 === Firewall ===
@@ Line 101: / Line 64: @@
   # iptables -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -s 192.168.2.0/24 -j ACCEPT
+ # iptables-save > /etc/sysconfig/iptables
+ # service iptables restart
+=== Nameserver ===
+Make sure in-CT nameserver is set. The easiest way to do it is:
+ # vzctl set $CTID --nameserver inherit
 === Test ===
@@ Line 106: / Line 78: @@
 Now you should be able to reach internet from your container:
-  # prlctl enter 100700
+  # vzctl exec $CTID ping openvz.org
- # ping openvz.org
 == How to provide access from Internet to a container ==
@@ Line 125: / Line 96: @@
 # iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s ve_address -o eth0 -j SNAT --to ip_address
 </pre>
-Is need add GATEWAY in /etc/sysconfig/network-script/interface (IP of host that provide access internet).
 After applying this, you'll see container' web server at <code><nowiki>http://ip_address:8080/</nowiki></code>.